Note

Go to the end to download the full example code.

Exploring learner activity sequences#

Scenario: You have interaction logs from a Moodle LMS and want to understand how learners engage with course material.

Concepts covered:

Load an event log with access()
Detect learning sessions from inactivity gaps
Build a StateSequencePool with build_states()
Filter sequences by length with LengthCriterion
Visualise action distributions, timelines, and state distributions

Imports#

import random

import pandas as pd
import polars as pl

from tanat import build_states
from tanat.criterion import LengthCriterion
from tanat.dataset import access
from tanat.visualization import SequenceVisualizer

Load and prepare the event log#

access() returns the MOOC dataset as a pandas DataFrame. Each row is a single learner interaction recorded by a Moodle LMS (~100 k events, ~118 learners).

df = access("mooc_events")
print(f"{len(df)} events  ·  {df['user'].nunique()} learners")
df.head()

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95626 events  ·  130 learners

	Event.context	user	timecreated	Component	Event.name	Log	Action
0	Assignment: Final Project	9d744e5bf	2019-10-26 09:37:12	Assignment	Course module viewed	Assignment: Final Project	Assignment
1	Assignment: Final Project	91489f7a9	2019-10-26 09:09:34	Assignment	The status of the submission has been viewed.	Assignment: Final Project	Assignment
2	Assignment: Final Project	278a75edf	2019-10-18 12:05:28	Assignment	Course module viewed	Assignment: Final Project	Assignment
3	Assignment: Final Project	53d6ab60c	2019-10-19 13:28:37	Assignment	The status of the submission has been viewed.	Assignment: Final Project	Assignment
4	Assignment: Final Project	aab7ad69f	2019-10-15 23:38:13	Assignment	Course module viewed	Assignment: Final Project	Assignment

Step 1: Session detection#

Learning sessions are not labelled in the log. We define a session as a continuous period of activity: a new session begins when the same learner is idle for more than 2 hours, or when a different user appears.

Each session receives a unique integer id that will serve as the sequence identifier in TanaT.

INACTIVITY = pd.Timedelta("2h")

df["timecreated"] = pd.to_datetime(df["timecreated"])
df = df.sort_values(["user", "timecreated"])
df["session"] = (
    (df["user"] != df["user"].shift()) | (df["timecreated"].diff() > INACTIVITY)
).cumsum()

print(f"Detected {df['session'].nunique()} sessions")

Detected 5700 sessions

Static table: one row per session with the learner identifier.

sessions = df[["user", "session"]].drop_duplicates()

Step 2: Build the sequence pool#

Each session becomes one sequence. We use build_states() with a within-session position index as the time axis (0 = first event, 1 = second, …). This abstracts away calendar time and focuses on the order of actions.

The sessions table (one row per session) is passed as static_data so the learner identifier is attached to each sequence.

# Add a within-session position index.
df["position"] = df.groupby("session").cumcount()

pool = build_states(
    df[["session", "position", "Action"]],
    id_column="session",
    start_column="position",
    static_data=sessions,
    store_name="mooc_sessions_store",
)
# ``pl.Categorical`` enables consistent colour-coding across visualisations
# and is required by the metric module.
pool.cast_features({"Action": pl.Categorical}, is_static=False)

┌─ State SequenceStore
│
│ Step 1/4: Sorting & preparing data
│
│ Step 2/4: Building sequence index
│
│ Step 3/4: Writing entity, time index & static features
│
│ Step 4/4: Computing & writing metadata
│
└─ Done (5,700 sequences · 95,626 entities · 0.02s)

print(pool)

┌────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│           StateSequencePool Summary            │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Overview
─────────────────────────
  Sequences          5,700
  Store              /home/runner/.tanat_workspace/building_pools_tutorial/mooc_sessions_store
  id_column          session

Time Index
─────────────────────────
  Type               Int64 (Timestep) [0 → 152]
  Columns            ['position', 'end']
  t0                 position=0, anchor=start

Entity Features (1)
─────────────────────────
  • Action              Categorical (12 categories)

Static Features (1)
─────────────────────────
  • user                String [len 9 → 9]

Step 3: Filter by length#

The session length distribution is skewed: some outlier sessions contain hundreds of events. We keep sessions with 2 to 40 actions, which covers the majority of learners while removing single-click noise and unrealistically long sessions.

ids_keep = pool.which(LengthCriterion(ge=2, le=40))
pool_filtered = pool.subset(ids_keep)

[which]           LengthCriterion → 5,150 / 5,700 IDs (90.4%)

print(pool_filtered)

┌────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│           StateSequencePool Summary            │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Overview
─────────────────────────
  Sequences          5,150
  Store              /home/runner/.tanat_workspace/building_pools_tutorial/mooc_sessions_store
  id_column          session

Time Index
─────────────────────────
  Type               Int64 (Timestep) [0 → 39]
  Columns            ['position', 'end']
  t0                 position=0, anchor=start

Entity Features (1)
─────────────────────────
  • Action              Categorical (12 categories)

Static Features (1)
─────────────────────────
  • user                String [len 9 → 9]

Step 4: Action distribution#

A bar plot shows the frequency of each action type across all sessions, giving a first overview of what learners do most.

# fmt: off
SequenceVisualizer.barplot(sort="descending") \
    .title("Action type distribution") \
    .draw(pool_filtered, entity_feature="Action") \
    .show()
# fmt: on

Step 5: Sample timeline#

We draw 30 random sessions side by side. Each row is one session; each coloured block is one action at a given position.

random.seed(42)
sample_ids = random.sample(sorted(pool_filtered.unique_ids), 30)
sample = pool_filtered.subset(sample_ids)

# fmt: off
SequenceVisualizer.timeline() \
    .title("30 random learning sessions") \
    .x_axis(label="Position in session") \
    .draw(sample, entity_feature="Action") \
    .show()
# fmt: on

/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.13.15/x64/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tanat_utils/caching/cachable.py:133: UserWarning: 30 row(s) have a null time index (__END__) and will be excluded from the visualisation.
  value = method(self, *args, **kwargs)

Step 6: State distribution over position#

The distribution plot shows how action proportions shift across positions, revealing how learners typically start and end their sessions.

# fmt: off
SequenceVisualizer.distribution(bin_size=1) \
    .title("Action distribution over session progress") \
    .x_axis(label="Position in session") \
    .draw(pool_filtered, entity_feature="Action") \
    .show()
# fmt: on

Action distribution over session progress

/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.13.15/x64/lib/python3.13/site-packages/tanat_utils/caching/cachable.py:133: UserWarning: 5150 row(s) have a null time index (__END__) and will be excluded from the visualisation.
  value = method(self, *args, **kwargs)

Total running time of the script: (0 minutes 25.136 seconds)

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